Cultivation of Morchella

ABSTRACT

A process for cultivating  Morchella ascocarps  using mycelium and a tree seedling, the tree seedling having a root system and a shoot system. The process includes the steps of inoculating the root system with the mycelium to produce an inoculated tree seedling; stimulating the mycelium to form sclerotia by distressing the inoculated tree seedling; and inducing the sclerotia to produce ascocarps by providing conditions conducive to the formation of ascocarps. Also, the growth of trees may be accelerated by inoculating the root system with the mycelium. Further more, a process for cultivating  Morchella sclerotia  using mycelium and a tree seedling, the tree seedling having a root system and a shoot system includes the steps of inoculating the root system with the mycelium to produce an inoculated tree seedling; and stimulating the mycelium to form sclerotia by distressing the inoculated tree seedling.

[0001] This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/180,690 filed Jun. 26, 2003, entitled CULTIVATION OFMORCHELLA.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to the cultivation of any of the fungispecies of the Family Morchellaceae and the genera Morchella.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The edible fungi species of the genera Morchella are known bytheir ascocarp or fruiting body. The ascocarp represents the matureembodiment of the sexual reproduction cycle of the morel and is linedwith tiny, microscopic elongated sacs, each of which is called an ascus.Inside each ascus are microscopic spores lined up like small eggs,approximately eight spores per ascus. These spores escape from the lidof the ascus and take to the air marking the beginning of the life cycleof the morel mushroom. When the spores land on an appropriate foodsource, such as moist, dead, rotting, or decaying plant life, the sporeswill “hatch” producing small hair-like structures called hyphae. Thehyphae begin to spread throughout the food source producing aninterwoven mat or feeding network called mycelium. The hyphae'sabsorption of nutrients from the non-living food source demonstrates thesaprophytic nature of the morel. Under certain, unfavorable conditions,this mycelium contracts to form hardened protective bodies calledsclerotia. The sclerotia then lie dormant until favorable conditionsarise. During favorable conditions, the sclerotia develop ascocarps.

[0004] The ascocarps of the Family Morchellaceae, especially those ofmorchella esculenta , morchella deliciosa, morchella crassipes, elata,semi-libria, and morchella angusticeps “black” have been highly soughtafter for many years and are considered to be the most delicious of allmushrooms. Every spring thousands of morel hunters take to the woods insearch of the ever-elusive morel, also known as the “sponge mushroom.”In fact, certain towns in Michigan hold mushroom festivals every springto celebrate the opportunity to take to the woods and find thisdelicious morsel. Unfortunately, the fruiting of the morel occursnaturally only under select conditions, thereby limiting theavailability of this highly sought after delicacy.

[0005] In addition, the sclerotia themselves are also a sought-afterdelicacy. Unfortunately, because naturally-occurring sclerotia areformed underground, they are difficult to locate and harvest. In fact,the harvesting of Morchellaceae sclerotia often requires the use oftrained animals, such as dogs. Due to the difficulty in locating andharvesting Morchellaceae sclerotia, the cost of such sclerotia isextremely high.

[0006] Processes centered around the saprophytic nature of the morelhave been suggested for commercially cultivating morels. Such processesinclude that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,640. However, theseprocesses have not proven to be successful in the commercial productionof these mushrooms or the sclerotia, either in the field, or inenvironmentally controlled conditions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention provides a process for cultivatingMorchellaceae ascocarps using mycelium and a tree seedling, the treeseedling having a root system and a shoot system. The process involvesinoculating the root system with mycelium to produce an inoculated treeseedling, stimulating the mycelium to form sclerotia, and inducing thesclerotia to produce ascocarps.

[0008] The present invention also provides a process for cultivatingMorchellaceae sclerotia using mycelium and a tree seedling, the treeseedling having a root system and a shoot system. The process involvesinoculating the root system with mycelium to produce an inoculated treeseedling, stimulating the mycelium to form sclerotia.

[0009] The present invention further provides a process for acceleratingthe growth of trees by inoculating the root system of the tree withmycelium.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0010] The file of this patent contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent with color drawings will be provided by thePatent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessaryfee.

[0011] The above-mentioned and other features and objects of thisinvention, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparentand the invention itself will be better understood by reference to thefollowing description of embodiments of the invention taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0012]FIG. 1a-1 c illustrate the inoculation step of the presentinvention according to one embodiment.

[0013]FIGS. 2a-2 b illustrate the inoculation step of the presentinvention according to another embodiment.

[0014]FIGS. 3a-3 f illustrate the inoculation step of the presentinvention according to yet another embodiment.

[0015]FIG. 4 is a photograph illustrating mycelium.

[0016]FIG. 5 is a photograph illustrating an inoculated root system.

[0017]FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the process of the present inventionaccording to one embodiment.

[0018] Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding partsthroughout the several views. Although the drawings representembodiments of the present invention, the drawings are not necessarilyto scale and certain features may be exaggerated in order to betterillustrate and explain the present invention. The exemplifications setout herein illustrate embodiments of the invention and suchexemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of theinvention in any manner.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] The embodiments disclosed below are not intended to be exhaustiveor limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the followingdetailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and describedso that others skilled in the art may utilize the teachings.

[0020] The present inventor has discovered that saprophytism is only oneof the characteristics exhibited during the growth cycle of the morelfungus. During its life cycle, the morel also demonstrates mutualism.For example, in the case of the apple tree, the spores of the morelhatch on a rotting apple. The mycelium, acting as a saprobe, absorbsnutrients from the rotting apple. Next, the hyphae of the myceliumspread from the rotting apple to the root of the apple tree seed. Theroot of the apple tree then begins poking its way into the ground takingthe hyphae with it.

[0021] The developing fungus begins it's mutualistic behavior, alsoreferred to as mycorrhizal phase, when the hyphae of the mycelium invadethe root of the tree, working its way into the cells of the root system.The mutualistic association between the mycelium and the tree root canbe referred to generally as mycorrhiza. Once the mycelium has completelyentered the root cells of the tree the mutualistic association is thenreferred to as endomycorrhiza, or an endophyte. Through the mycelialinoculation of the roots of the tree a symbiotic mycorrhizal orendomycorrhizal relationship develops over time. The fungus and treecoexist together to form a mutualistic relationship, or symbiosis. Thetree provides the mycorrhiza fungus with a food source from the fruit orsap. The fungus, in turn, promotes healthy growth of the tree bytransferring water and nutrients from the soil, which the tree wouldotherwise have difficulty obtaining.

[0022] The present inventor has further discovered that both the treeand the morel fungus coexist in this mutualistic manner until therelationship is disrupted. Such disruption can be the result of manythings including: the tree losing its sap or the death of the tree, suchas by the infection of Dutch-Elm disease. Whether the disruption isnatural or initiated, the mycorrhizas recognize the loss of their foodsource and respond defensively by retracting the mycelium into asclerotic nodule. The mycelium retraction initiates the development ofthe sclerotia, which ultimately produces the ascocarp or fruiting bodywhen the time and conditions are right.

[0023] This discovery has lead to one embodiment of the presentinvention, which provides a process for cultivating Morchella ascocarpsusing a tree seedling having a root system and a shoot system, andMorchella mycelium. The process generally involves inoculating the rootsystem with Morchella mycelium to produce an inoculated tree seedling,stimulating the mycelium to form sclerotia, and inducing the sclerotiato produce ascocarps.

[0024] The inoculation step generally calls for inoculating the rootsystem of a tree seedling with mycelium. The mycelium used in theinoculation step may be obtained using several different cultivationmethods.

[0025] In one embodiment, the mycelium is cultivated by introducing oneor more spores onto a culture medium and incubating the spores until thespores produce mycelium. This cultivation of mycelium may beaccomplished by placing dried ascocarps of whole, unwashed, and freshlypicked morel mushrooms in paper bags. The paper bags prevent moisturefrom being trapped inside the ascocarps, thereby impeding rot orbacteria growth on the ripened and dried spores. The spores may be savedfor short periods of time, without any adverse affect on sporegermination, by placing the paper bags in a refrigerator.

[0026] An acceptable culture medium is then prepared. Acceptable culturemedia include standard mycological culture media sold by laboratorysupply houses. Such mycological culture medium is composed primarily ofsimple carbohydrates and gelatin, and is easily attainable and extremelyreliable by virtue of its nutrient consistency and its sterility.Alternatively, the culture medium can consist simply of naturalcarbohydrates or decaying plant material.

[0027] The culture medium is then introduced into containers, such asPetri dishes, jars, and plastic, foam, or peat cups. To promoteefficiency and eliminate waste, biodegradable seed containers may alsobe used as culture medium containers. These containers typically consistof a paper-based, cardboard-like material that decomposes in the groundafter time. These biodegradable containers promote efficiency becausethe container and the inoculated tree seedling that ultimately isproduced in the container (as described infra paragraph 0034) can beplanted directly into the ground. To keep out competing fungi andbacteria, it is beneficial to use containers that have lids.Alternatively, the containers can be tightly stacked to prevent invadingcompetition.

[0028] As shown in FIG. 1a, the ascocarps 2 are removed from the paperbag and shaken over the top of the culture medium 4 like a saltshaker.The spores 3 land densely over the culture medium 4 and are spread overor stirred into the culture medium 4 using a sterile fork.Alternatively, tiny pieces about the size of a pencil head may be cutfrom the ascocarps and placed on top of, or inside of, the culturemedium.

[0029] The spore-containing culture medium is then allowed to incubateat a temperature in the range of about approximately 0° C.-37.8° C. (32°F.-100° F.), to allow the spores 3 to develop a network of mycelium 5,as shown in FIGS. 1b & 4. Although the mycelium can develop at anytemperature within this range, the mycelium development is optimal whenthe spores are incubated at a temperature within the range of 7.2°C.-23.9° C. (45° F.-75° F.). Typically in this temperature range, thegrowth rate of the mycelium in the medium during incubation is directlyproportional to the temperature. That is, the mycelium grows morerapidly when incubated at temperatures in the higher end of this range.Mycelium can develop after as little as 24 hours of incubation. However,to insure a substantial supply of mycelium, the mycelium is incubatedfor one to two weeks. As shown in FIG. 4 confirmation of myceliumcultivation may be observed by viewing under the microscope at 100×.

[0030] The tree seedlings used in the present invention can be eithergerminated from seeds, or can be purchased from nurseries. Anycompatible tree seedling may be used. Such compatible tree seedlingsinclude, but are not limited to, elm, ash, oak, peach, poplar, douglasfir, cherry and apple. While many different types of tree seedlings canbe used, the elm tree is inexpensive, expendable, produces a voluminousamount of seed, and is easy to germinate. The elm tree is consideredexpendable because Dutch-Elm disease has reduced the elm's lifeexpectancy to a minimum. Some old surviving elms still exist, whichproduce vast amounts of seeds. The expendable and plentiful elm seedsprovide a good conduit for the successful production of the morelmushroom, because it is the ultimate death of the tree that stimulatesthe formation of sclerotia, and ultimately the production of theascocarp.

[0031] Several methods can be used to inoculate the tree seedlings. Forinstance, in one embodiment shown in FIG. 1c, the root system 7 of thetree seedling 6 is introduced into the mycelium 5-containing culturemedium 4, and the resulting culture medium 4 containing the mycelium 5and the root system 7 is incubated until the mycelium 5 has inoculatedthe root system 7. More specifically, the tree seedlings 6 are placed inthe containers 8 of incubating mycelium 5 so that the roots 7 arecovered with the cultivating medium 4. The roots of the tree seedlings 6may be bent or curled at the same time to insure that they aresubstantially enveloped by the culture medium 4. The seedlings 6 andmycelium 5 are incubated in the culture medium 4 until the root system 7is adequately inoculated with the mycelium 5. The seedlings may beincubated at a temperature within the range of 0° C.-37.8° C. (32°F.-100° F.), although adequate inoculation occurs more predictably whenincubated at a temperature within the range of 7.2° C.-23.9° C. (45°F.-75° F.). The seedlings are watered sparingly and excess water isdrained away to prevent over watering. Adequate inoculation usuallyoccurs within about 1 to 20 days, and can be confirmed microscopicallyat 100-400× after soaking the root segment with a 1:1 (gram to mL) ratioof rose bengal and distilled water (sodium hydroxide can be used to thinthe staining solution) for about 5 to 20 minutes, flattening the rootsegment between two slides, and viewing the root segment through a greenfilter; an example of which is shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 is a 400×microscopic photograph of the hyphae of a spore entering the root of thetree seedling.

[0032] In another embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2a-2 b, a layer of anyacceptable planting medium 10 is placed on top of the mycelium5-containing culture medium 4 and at least one tree seed 12 is placed ontop of, or within the layer of planting medium 10. Acceptable plantingmedium is any medium that fosters the germination of a tree seed and thegrowth of the tree seedling. Acceptable planting media include, but arenot limited to: soil, compost, manure, humus, peat moss, processedpaper, pulp, sphagnum, perlite, synthetic material and mixtures thereof.The seed 12 is then incubated for a period of 1 to 30 days to allow theseed 12 to germinate into a tree seedling 6. The tree seedling 6 isgrown until the root system 7 of the tree seedling 6 spreads into themycelium 5-containing culture medium 4 (FIG. 2b)and becomes adequatelyinoculated with the mycelium 5. Adequate inoculation is illustrated inFIG. 5 and in this embodiment usually occurs within about 1 to 30 days.Adequate inoculation can be tested microscopically as described above.

[0033] In yet another embodiment shown in FIGS. 3a-3 f, a plantingmedium 10 is placed in a container or pot 14 having good drainage, suchas a clay, plastic, or biodegradable pot, and a small hole 15 is scoopedout of the planting medium as more particularly shown in FIG. 3a. Asillustrated in FIG. 3b, a biodegradable container 16 of spore3-containing culture medium 4 is placed in the hole of the plantingmedium 10 so that the culture medium 4 is substantially level with thetop of the planting medium 10. The culture medium 4 and planting medium10 are then covered with a layer, approximately one-half inch deep, ofan acceptable germinating medium 18, as shown in FIG. 3c. An acceptablegerminating medium 18 is any medium in which a tree seedling cangerminate. Such germinating media include, but are not limited to: soil,compost, humus, peat moss, compressed peat moss discs, processed paper,perlite, synthetic material and any mixture thereof. It may bebeneficial to use a sterile germinating medium 18 to deter invadingbacteria and fungi. The spores 3 are then incubated until the spores 3produce mycelium 5 (see FIG. 3d); about 1 to 30 days, at a temperaturewithin in the range of about approximately 0° C.-35° C. (32° F.-95° F.),with a preferred temperature within the range of about 7.2° C.-23.9° C.(45° F.-75° F.).

[0034] At least one tree seed 12 is then placed on top of or within thegerminating medium 18 (see FIG. 3e), and the seed 12 is incubated untilthe seed 12 germinates into a tree seedling 6 as shown in FIG. 3f. Theseed 12 and resulting tree seedling 6 are watered, although relativelysparingly and excess water should be drained away to prevent overwatering. As shown in FIG. 3f, the tree seedling 6 is grown until theroot system 7 spreads into the mycelium 5-containing culture medium 4and root system 7 becomes adequately inoculated with the mycelium 5.Adequate infection in this embodiment usually occurs within about 1 to30 days, and is illustrated in FIG. 5.

[0035] Alternatively, the mycelium and the tree seedling may becultivated simultaneously. In this embodiment, the spores are introducedonto a culture medium and a tree seed is introduced into a plantingmedium. The seed and the spores are simultaneously incubated until thespores produce the mycelium and the tree seed germinates into a treeseedling. Ideally, the seeds will germinate in approximately the sameperiod of time, approximately 1 to 30 days, as the spores. Then, thetree seedling is placed in the culture medium and the culture medium isincubated until the mycelium has adequately inoculated the root system.Adequate inoculation in this embodiment usually occurs within about oneto 30 days after the root contacts the mycelium culture.

[0036] Other methods of inoculating tree seedings include injectinghyphae or mycelium directly into the roots of the tree seedling.Alternatively, tree seedlings may be inoculated by grafting or notchinga portion of an infected root or shoot onto an uninfected tree seedling.Tree seedlings may also be inoculated by growing the tree seedling inclose proximity to an infected tree.

[0037] In one embodiment, after inoculation of the tree seedling andbefore the stimulation of sclerotia, the inoculated tree seedlings areplanted in prepared fields or in containers and allowed to grow for atleast one growing season. An appropriate prepared field should have goodwater drainage to prevent standing water or puddles. Ideally, the soilof the prepared field should be finely tilled and have a dark, rich,sandy, loam quality. If the nutrients in the soil seem to be lacking,additional nutrients may be added by sprinkling a fertilizer over thesoil and tilling the fertilizer into the soil. It may be helpful toleave narrow grassy lanes between the rows of clustered seedlings toallow the maneuvering of equipment for mulching, watering and otherpurposes. Mulching by mowing the grass and letting moderate amounts ofclippings accumulate around the trees may assist in maintaining a cooland damp environment for the roots, and may help to eliminate competinggrasses and weeds. In addition, shading (providing shade) the seedlingsmay also assist in maintaining a cool and damp environment for theroots.

[0038] The seedlings are allowed to grow in the prepared fields orindoors for at least one growing season. A growing season equates toapproximately one year. Although the seedlings may be planted any timebefore the first frost, September is an ideal time to plant theseedlings, because this allows the tree seedling to establish itselfprior to the frost; thus enabling the seedling to withstand the trialsof winter and the trials of the summer months of the following year. Theseedlings may be covered with mulch for added protection in the wintermonths.

[0039] In an effort to protect the roots of the tree seedling during thesummer months of the growing season or seasons, the seedlings should besupplied with water and mulch, and competition from weeds or grassshould be minimized. Although the seedlings can tolerate full sunlightfor the entire the day, they will grow with better success in fullmorning sun and late afternoon shade. Special care should be taken toprotect the seedlings from temperatures that rise above 29.4° C. (85°F.). Specifically, greenhouses should be well ventilated to removeexcess heat during the summer months, and should provide mottled ortranslucent shade, up to 50%. In greenhouses and in fields, automatedwatering systems may be used to cool the delicate roots of the seedlingand the developing Morchella mycorrhizas during times of extreme heat.Mulching around the plants helps to protect the root system from heatand drying.

[0040] Although the tree seedlings may be grown for only one growingseason before stimulating sclerotia formation, mycorrhizal growth andultimately the number of sclerotia formed is directly proportional tothe expanse and growth of the tree's root system. Consequently, thelonger the inoculated root system is allowed to grow and expand, thegreater the number of sclerotia formed and the larger the subsequentharvest of ascocarps. Therefore, a higher yield may be obtained bygrowing the inoculated tree seedlings for more than one growing season.

[0041] After one or more growing seasons has elapsed, the mycelium isstimulated to form sclerotia. This stimulation step may be accomplishedby distressing the tree. The trees are distressed in late spring or inearly summer to allow the mycelium to retract and form sclerotia beforewinter. Each developing sclerotia will locate itself at a point closestto ground level and will eventually separate entirely from the dyingroots. The sclerotia will complete its maturation during the summer orfall and then lie dormant during the winter awaiting the idealconditions of spring before transforming itself into an ascocarp. Afterthe trees have been terminated the developing sclerotia under the groundmay be covered with mulch and watered to protect the developingsclerotia from draught.

[0042] Several different methods may be used to distress the tree. Forinstance, in one embodiment, the tree is distressed by severing theshoot system of the tree from the root system. In this embodiment, theshoot system of the tree is cut off at or slightly above ground level.This disrupts the symbiotic relationship, thereby stimulating theformation of the sclerotia.

[0043] Other methods for distressing the tree include: defoliating thetree by burning the tree or docking the branches; introducing disease,such as Dutch Elm disease; smothering the leaves of the tree, such as byspraying the leaves with a stoma-blocking substance; and impedingphotosynthesis.

[0044] Next, the developed sclerotia are induced to form ascocarps.Spring typically provides conditions that are conducive to thisinducement step. These conditions include steadily warming weather withtemperatures in the range of about 65° F. to about 85° F. and sufficientamounts of water. Although these conditions typically occur naturally inspring, these conditions may be simulated in an indoor, climatecontrolled environment. During periods of extremes in heat or drought,the field of cultivating ascocarps should be watered regularly.Continued daily watering during this period and during the sproutingphase of the ascocarps should continue until the ascocarps have reachedtheir maximum size, which typically occurs within about four to fivedays of the initial sprout. The ascocarps can then be harvested andpackaged for transport to a market place.

[0045]FIG. 6 is a flow chart summarizing the steps, all of which havebeen described in detail above, involved in cultivating Morchellaascocarps according to one embodiment of the present invention. First,mycelium is cultivated 21 and tree seedlings are cultivated 22, both ofwhich can be cultivated simultaneously as discussed above. Next, theroot system of the tree seedling in inoculated 23. Once inoculated, thetree seedlings are transplanted 24. The transplanted seedlings or treesare grown for two growing seasons 25, 26. Then, sclerotia formation isstimulated 27 by terminating the trees, which may be accomplished bysevering the shoot system from the root system. The sclerotia is theallowed to develop 28, for approximately one half of a growing season.Finally, ascocarp production is induced 29 by providing spring-likeconditions, and the ascocarps can be harvested in late spring. In somecases, a secondary crop of ascocarps are produced in the spring of thefollowing year and may be harvested. Table 1, below is a Time Tablerepresenting the cultivation process summarized in FIG. 6. TABLE I TimeTable for the Cultivation of Morchella Ascocarps Jan. Feb. March AprilMay June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year 1 Inoculation and growth ofRoot Transplant Growing Season 1 System seedling Year 2 Growing Season 1(continued) Growing Season 2 Year 3 Growing Season 2 (continued)Termination Development and maintenance of Sclerotia of Trees Year 4Development Spring Harvest and Conditions/Ascocarp Ascocarps maintenanceformation and of Sclerotia development

[0046] In another embodiment of the present invention, rather thaninducing the formation of ascocarps, the sclerotia are harvested. Moreparticularly, after one or more growing seasons has elapsed, themycelium is stimulated to form sclerotia. This stimulation step may beaccomplished by distressing the tree as discussed above. The trees aredistressed in late spring or in early summer to allow the mycelium toretract and form sclerotia before winter. Each developing sclerotia willlocate itself at a point closest to ground level and will eventuallyseparate entirely from the dying roots. The sclerotia will complete itsmaturation during the summer or fall, after which the sclerotia areharvested by digging up the sclerotia. Since the sclerotia develop atthe roots of the known inoculated tree seedlings, they are relativelyeasy to locate and harvest.

[0047] In another aspect of this invention, the Morchella mycelium isused to accelerate tree growth. As discussed above, the present inventorhas discovered that Morchella mycelium forms a mutualistic relationshipwith the root system of trees. While the tree provides the fungus with afood source such as fruit or sap, the fungus aids the tree's root systemin the uptake of water and nutrients from the soil. This discovery hasled to an embodiment of the present invention in which tree growth isaccelerated by inoculating the root system of the tree with mycelium.Such inoculation may be accomplished using the methods described above.Such inoculated trees demonstrate an initial growth rate of about threetimes that of non-inoculated trees. For example, when elm tree seedlingswere inoculated with the Morchella mycelium and grown in pots for onegrowing season (May-October), the average height of 50 inoculated treeswas about 47.5 cm (19 inches), whereas the average height of 50uninoculated trees was only about 15 cm (6 inches).

[0048] This method for accelerating tree growth can be extremelybeneficial to nurseries in the development and sale of trees. Thismethod may also be beneficial in the restoration of developed, destroyedor logged forests and landscapes.

[0049] While this invention has been described as having an exemplarydesign, the present invention may be further modified within the spiritand scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended tocover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using itsgeneral principles. Further, this application is intended to cover suchdepartures from the present disclosure as come within known or customarypractice in the art to which this invention pertains.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for cultivating Morchella ascocarpsusing mycelium and a tree seedling, the tree seedling having a rootsystem and a shoot system, the process comprising the steps of:inoculating the root system with the mycelium to produce an inoculatedtree seedling; stimulating the mycelium to form sclerotia; and inducingsaid sclerotia to produce ascocarps.
 2. The process of claim 1 furthercomprising the step of cultivating the mycelium by the steps of:introducing spores onto a culture medium; and incubating said sporesuntil said spores produce the mycelium.
 3. The process of claim 2wherein said step of inoculating the root system with the myceliumcomprises: introducing the root system of said tree seedling into saidculture medium; and incubating said culture medium until the myceliumhas inoculated the root system.
 4. The process of claim 2 wherein saidstep of inoculating the root system with the mycelium comprises: addinga planting medium on top of said culture medium; placing at least onetree seed on top of said planting medium; germinating said tree seedinto the tree seedling; and growing the tree seedling until the rootsystem is inoculated with the mycelium.
 5. The process of claim 1further comprising the step of cultivating mycelium by the steps of:introducing a plurality of spores into a container of culture medium;placing said container of culture medium in a planting medium; coveringsaid culture medium and said planting medium with a germinating medium;and incubating said spores until said spores produce the mycelium. 6.The process of claim 5 wherein the step of inoculating the root systemwith the mycelium comprises: placing at least one tree seed in saidgerminating medium; germinating said tree seed into the tree seedling;and growing the tree seedling until the root system is inoculated withthe mycelium.
 7. The process of claim 1 wherein said step of inoculatingthe root system comprises: introducing spores onto a culture medium;introducing a tree seed into a planting medium; simultaneouslyincubating the spores and the tree seed until said spores produce themycelium and the tree seed germinates into the tree seedling; placingthe tree seedling on the culture medium; and incubating the culturemedium until the mycelium has inoculated the root system.
 8. The processof claim 1 wherein said step of inoculating the root system with themycelium comprises injecting the mycelium into the tree seedling.
 9. Theprocess of claim 1 wherein said step of inoculating the root system withthe mycelium comprises grafting a portion of an inoculated tree seedlingonto the tree seedling.
 10. The process of claim 1 wherein said step ofinoculating the root system with the mycelium comprises growing the treeseedling in close proximity to an inoculated tree.
 11. The process ofclaim 1 wherein the tree seedling is an elm tree seedling.
 12. Theprocess of claim 1 wherein the tree seedling is an ash tree seedling.13. The process of claim 1 wherein the tree seedling is an apple treeseedling.
 14. The process of claim 1 wherein the tree seedling is an oaktree seedling.
 15. The process of claim 1 wherein the tree seedling is acherry tree seedling.
 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the treeseedling is a peach tree seedling.
 17. The process of claim 1 furthercomprising the step of planting said inoculated tree seedling into theground.
 18. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step ofplanting said inoculated tree seedling into containers.
 19. The processof claim 1 further comprising the step of growing said inoculated treeseedling for at least one growing season.
 20. The process of claim 18further comprising the step of growing said inoculated tree seedling insaid containers in a climate controlled environment.
 21. The process ofclaim 20 where in said climate controlled environment includes thesimulation of at least one growing season.
 22. The process of claim 1wherein said step of stimulating the mycelium to form sclerotiacomprises distressing said inoculated tree seedling.
 23. The process ofclaim 22 wherein said distressing said inoculated tree seedlingcomprises severing the shoot system from the root system.
 24. Theprocess of claim 22 wherein said distressing said inoculated treeseedling comprises defoliating the tree.
 25. The process of claim 22wherein said shoot system of the tree seedling comprises leaves and saiddistressing said inoculated tree seedling comprises smothering theleaves.
 26. The process of claim 1 where in said step of stimulating themycelium to form sclerotia further comprises allowing sclerotia todevelop for at least one growing season after the severing of said shootsystem.
 27. The process of claim 1 wherein said step of inducing saidsclerotia to produce ascocarps comprises providing conditions conduciveto the formation of ascocarps.
 28. The process of claim 27 wherein oneof said conditions comprises temperatures in the range of about 18.3° C.(65° F.) to about 29.4° C. (85° F.).
 29. The process of claim 27 whereinone of said conditions comprises providing sufficient water.
 30. Aprocess for accelerating the growth of trees using mycelium, the treehaving a root system, the process comprising the steps of: inoculatingthe root system with the mycelium.
 31. The process of claim 30 furthercomprising the step of cultivating the mycelium by the steps of:introducing spores onto a culture medium; and incubating said sporesuntil said spores produce the mycelium.
 32. The process of claim 31wherein said step of inoculating the root system with the myceliumcomprises: introducing the root system of the tree into said culturemedium; and incubating said culture medium until the mycelium hasinoculated the root system.
 33. The process of claim 31 wherein saidstep of inoculating the root system with the mycelium comprises: addinga planting medium on top of said culture medium; placing at least onetree seed in said planting medium; germinating said tree seed into atree; and growing said tree until the root system is inoculated with themycelium.
 34. The process of claim 30 further comprising the step ofcultivating the mycelium by the steps of: introducing a plurality ofspores into a container of culture medium; placing said container ofculture medium in a planting medium; covering said culture medium andsaid planting medium with a germinating medium; and incubating saidspores until the mycelium is created.
 35. The process of claim 34wherein the step inoculating the root system with the myceliumcomprises: placing at least one tree seed on top of said germinatingmedium; germinating said tree seed into the tree; and growing the treeuntil the root system is inoculated with the mycelium.
 36. The processof claim 30 wherein the step inoculating the root system comprises:introducing spores onto a culture medium; introducing a tree seed into aplanting medium; simultaneously incubating said spores and said treeseed until said spores develop the mycelium and the tree seed germinatesinto a tree; placing said tree on the culture medium; and incubating theculture medium until the mycelium has inoculated the root system. 37.The process of claim 30 wherein said step of inoculating the root systemwith the mycelium comprises injecting the mycelium into the treeseedling.
 38. The process of claim 30 wherein said step of inoculatingthe root system with the mycelium comprises grafting a portion of aninoculated tree seedling onto the tree seedling.
 39. The process ofclaim 30 wherein said step of inoculating the root system with themycelium comprises growing the tree seedling in close proximity to aninoculated tree.
 40. The process of claim 30 wherein the tree is anapple tree.
 41. The process of claim 30 wherein the tree is an ash tree.42. The process of claim 30 wherein the tree is an elm tree.
 43. Theprocess of claim 30 wherein the tree is an oak tree seedling.
 44. Theprocess of claim 30 wherein the tree is a cherry tree seedling.
 45. Theprocess of claim 30 wherein the tree is a peach tree seedling.
 46. Theprocess of claim 33 further comprising the step of planting saidinoculated tree into the ground.
 47. The process of claim 33 furthercomprising the step of planting said inoculated tree into pots.
 48. Aprocess for cultivating Morchella sclerotia using mycelium and a treeseedling, the tree seedling having a root system and a shoot system, theprocess comprising the steps of: inoculating the root system with themycelium to produce an inoculated tree seedling; and stimulating themycelium to form sclerotia.
 49. The process of claim 48 furthercomprising the step of cultivating the mycelium by the steps of:introducing spores onto a culture medium; and incubating said sporesuntil said spores produce the mycelium.
 50. The process of claim 49wherein said step of inoculating the root system with the myceliumcomprises: introducing the root system of said tree seedling into saidculture medium; and incubating said culture medium until the myceliumhas inoculated the root system.
 51. The process of claim 49 wherein saidstep of inoculating the root system with the mycelium comprises: addinga planting medium on top of said culture medium; placing at least onetree seed on top of said planting medium; germinating said tree seedinto the tree seedling; and growing the tree seedling until the rootsystem is inoculated with the mycelium.
 52. The process of claim 48further comprising the step of cultivating mycelium by the steps of:introducing a plurality of spores into a container of culture medium;placing said container of culture medium in a planting medium; coveringsaid culture medium and said planting medium with a germinating medium;and incubating said spores until said spores produce the mycelium. 53.The process of claim 52 wherein the step of inoculating the root systemwith the mycelium comprises: placing at least one tree seed in saidgerminating medium; germinating said tree seed into the tree seedling;and growing the tree seedling until the root system is inoculated withthe mycelium.
 54. The process of claim 48 wherein said step ofinoculating the root system comprises: introducing spores onto a culturemedium; introducing a tree seed into a planting medium; simultaneouslyincubating the spores and the tree seed until said spores produce themycelium and the tree seed germinates into the tree seedling; placingthe tree seedling on the culture medium; and incubating the culturemedium until the mycelium has inoculated the root system.
 55. Theprocess of claim 48 wherein said step of inoculating the root systemwith the mycelium comprises injecting the mycelium into the treeseedling.
 56. The process of claim 48 wherein said step of inoculatingthe root system with the mycelium comprises grafting a portion of aninoculated tree seedling onto the tree seedling.
 57. The process ofclaim 48 wherein said step of inoculating the root system with themycelium comprises growing the tree seedling in close proximity to aninoculated tree.
 58. The process of claim 48 further comprising the stepof growing said inoculated tree seedling for at least one growingseason.
 59. The process of claim 48 wherein said step of stimulating themycelium to form sclerotia comprises distressing said inoculated treeseedling.
 60. The process of claim 59 wherein said distressing saidinoculated tree seedling comprises severing the shoot system from theroot system.
 61. The process of claim 59 wherein said distressing saidinoculated tree seedling comprises defoliating the tree.
 62. The processof claim 59 wherein said shoot system of the tree seedling comprisesleaves and said distressing said inoculated tree seedling comprisessmothering the leaves.
 63. The process of claim 48 where in said step ofstimulating the mycelium to form sclerotia further comprises allowingsclerotia to develop for at least one growing season after the severingof said shoot system.